A Call to Protect India’s Critically Endangered Species
- Land Area & Biodiversity: India, despite comprising only 2.4% of the world’s land area, is home to 7-8% of all recorded species. This includes over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals, making India one of the megadiverse countries globally.
- Biogeographic Zones: India has 10 biogeographic zones, reflecting a variety of ecosystems and habitats, from the Himalayan range to the coastal wetlands.
- Species Breakdown:
- Mammals: India hosts 8.58% of the world's mammalian species.
- Birds: India is home to 13.66% of the world's bird species.
- Reptiles: 7.91% of global reptilian species.
- Amphibians: 4.66% of the world’s amphibian species.
- Fish: 11.72% of global fish species.
- Plants: India represents 11.80% of the world's plant species.
India’s Role in Global Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Hotspots: India has four of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots:
- Himalayas
- Indo-Burma
- Western Ghats-Sri Lanka
- Sundaland
- Despite its small land area, India harbors a diverse range of ecosystems, making it a crucial region for global biodiversity conservation.
The Conflict Between Economic Growth and Conservation
- As the world's most populous country, India’s economic growth requires vast resources — land, timber, coal, and more.
- This demand often conflicts with wildlife conservation efforts, as the encroachment of human settlements threatens wildlife habitats.
- Hunting, historically driven by survival needs, has evolved into poaching, trophy hunting, and other illegal activities.
- Modern-day hunting, especially in the form of poaching and trafficking, exacerbates the decline of endangered species.
- Man-Animal Conflict: The increasing demand for land and resources leads to man-animal conflict.
- As human settlements expand, wildlife habitats shrink, causing animals to encroach into human areas, which often leads to attacks on crops, livestock, and sometimes humans.
Cultural Context and Legal Framework
- Indian culture, rooted in religion and mythology, often reveres wild animals. This cultural reverence has promoted a natural tolerance toward wildlife.
- Unlike many countries where hunting is permitted as a recreational sport, India does not allow such practices.
- The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 protects wildlife species and habitats, and India has set up numerous sanctuaries and national parks.
- However, these areas are often unfenced, unlike the well-defined and protected reserves in places like Africa.
Critically Endangered Species in India
- As of 2022, there are 73 critically endangered species in India, according to the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
- The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies species as critically endangered when they face a high risk of extinction in the wild.
- Increase in Critically Endangered Species: The number of critically endangered species has risen from 47 in 2011.
- However, this rise is also due to improved monitoring and data collection, not just due to the decimation of species.
Key Critically Endangered Species in India
- Mammals: Of the nine mammal species classified as critically endangered, eight are endemic to India. These include:
- Kashmir Stag (Hangul)
- Malabar Large-spotted Civet
- Andaman Shrew
- Jenkin’s Shrew
- Nicobar Shrew
- Namdapha Flying Squirrel
- Large Rock Rat
- Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat
- Carnivores: While iconic carnivores such as lions, tigers, and cheetahs receive significant attention due to their tourism appeal, they represent only a fraction of the critically endangered species list.
- Birds: Some species of birds, like the Great Indian Bustard, face threats from human activities, particularly power lines in places like Rajasthan. These birds are not as prominently discussed as some mammals, yet they face significant survival challenges.
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