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World Wildlife Conservation Day 2024: Date, History, and Significance

World Wildlife Conservation Day 2024: Date, History, and Significance

04-12-2024
  1. World Wildlife Conservation Day is observed every year on December 4 to raise global awareness about the importance of preserving endangered wildlife and their habitats.
  2. The day focuses on encouraging people to take proactive steps in wildlife conservation and to highlight the growing threats to biodiversity worldwide.

World Wildlife Day (WWD)

  1. United Nations World Wildlife Day (WWD) is celebrated every year on 3 March to celebrate wild animals and plants.
  2. The WWD2024 Theme is Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation

History of World Wildlife Conservation Day

  1. The observance of World Wildlife Conservation Day traces its roots back to efforts initiated by Hillary Clinton, the then U.S. Secretary of State, during the "Wildlife Trafficking and Conservation" event held on November 8, 2012.
  2. This event marked a significant step in addressing the illegal trade in wildlife and its devastating impact on biodiversity.
  3. At the event, Clinton introduced the White House's strategy to combat global wildlife trafficking, drawing attention to the severe economic and ecological consequences of illegal activities such as poaching and habitat destruction.
  4. She famously said, “Wildlife cannot be manufactured. And once it has vanished, it cannot be replenished.”
  5. These words emphasized the irreversible effects of losing wildlife and the urgent need for conservation efforts.
  6. The initiative garnered strong support from key organizations like the U.S. State Department and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), who continue to play a significant role in organizing activities and events for the day.
  7. This marked the beginning of the annual observance of World Wildlife Conservation Day.

Significance of World Wildlife Conservation Day 2024:

World Wildlife Conservation Day serves as a reminder of the urgent need to protect biodiversity and ensure the survival of endangered species.

  1. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), around 8,400 species of wild flora and fauna are critically endangered, and an additional 30,000 species are vulnerable.
  2. Some species have already gone extinct, and more than 1 million species are currently at risk of extinction due to factors like habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and illegal wildlife trade.
  3. Protecting wildlife is crucial for maintaining ecological balance.
  4. Species interact in complex food webs, where each organism plays a role in ecosystem stability.
  5. The loss of one species can disrupt the entire ecosystem, leading to far-reaching consequences for human populations as well.
  6. Wildlife contributes significantly to economic stability through industries such as tourism, agriculture, and medicine.

Theme for World Wildlife Conservation Day 2024

  1. The theme for World Wildlife Conservation Day 2024 is "Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation."
  2. This theme highlights the increasing role of technology in wildlife protection and its potential to revolutionize conservation practices.

Key technological advancements being utilized include:

  1. Satellite Imaging: To monitor vast landscapes and track wildlife populations.
  2. Drones: Used for aerial surveillance, especially in remote and protected areas, to monitor wildlife and prevent illegal poaching.
  3. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI tools are now being used to analyze patterns in wildlife data, predict trends, and identify threats to specific species or habitats.
A Call to Protect India’s Critically Endangered Species
  1. Land Area & Biodiversity: India, despite comprising only 2.4% of the world’s land area, is home to 7-8% of all recorded species. This includes over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals, making India one of the megadiverse countries globally.
  2. Biogeographic Zones: India has 10 biogeographic zones, reflecting a variety of ecosystems and habitats, from the Himalayan range to the coastal wetlands.
  3. Species Breakdown:
    1. Mammals: India hosts 8.58% of the world's mammalian species.
    2. Birds: India is home to 13.66% of the world's bird species.
    3. Reptiles: 7.91% of global reptilian species.
    4. Amphibians: 4.66% of the world’s amphibian species.
    5. Fish: 11.72% of global fish species.
    6. Plants: India represents 11.80% of the world's plant species.
India’s Role in Global Biodiversity
  1. Biodiversity Hotspots: India has four of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots:
    1. Himalayas
    2. Indo-Burma
    3. Western Ghats-Sri Lanka
    4. Sundaland
  2. Despite its small land area, India harbors a diverse range of ecosystems, making it a crucial region for global biodiversity conservation.
The Conflict Between Economic Growth and Conservation
  1. As the world's most populous country, India’s economic growth requires vast resources — land, timber, coal, and more.
  2. This demand often conflicts with wildlife conservation efforts, as the encroachment of human settlements threatens wildlife habitats.
  3. Hunting, historically driven by survival needs, has evolved into poaching, trophy hunting, and other illegal activities.
  4. Modern-day hunting, especially in the form of poaching and trafficking, exacerbates the decline of endangered species.
  5. Man-Animal Conflict: The increasing demand for land and resources leads to man-animal conflict.
  6. As human settlements expand, wildlife habitats shrink, causing animals to encroach into human areas, which often leads to attacks on crops, livestock, and sometimes humans.
Cultural Context and Legal Framework
  1. Indian culture, rooted in religion and mythology, often reveres wild animals. This cultural reverence has promoted a natural tolerance toward wildlife.
  2. Unlike many countries where hunting is permitted as a recreational sport, India does not allow such practices.
  3. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 protects wildlife species and habitats, and India has set up numerous sanctuaries and national parks.
    1. However, these areas are often unfenced, unlike the well-defined and protected reserves in places like Africa.
Critically Endangered Species in India
  1. As of 2022, there are 73 critically endangered species in India, according to the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
  2. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies species as critically endangered when they face a high risk of extinction in the wild.
    1. Increase in Critically Endangered Species: The number of critically endangered species has risen from 47 in 2011.
    2. However, this rise is also due to improved monitoring and data collection, not just due to the decimation of species.

Key Critically Endangered Species in India

  1. Mammals: Of the nine mammal species classified as critically endangered, eight are endemic to India. These include:
    1. Kashmir Stag (Hangul)
    2. Malabar Large-spotted Civet
    3. Andaman Shrew
    4. Jenkin’s Shrew
    5. Nicobar Shrew
    6. Namdapha Flying Squirrel
    7. Large Rock Rat
    8. Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat
  2. Carnivores: While iconic carnivores such as lions, tigers, and cheetahs receive significant attention due to their tourism appeal, they represent only a fraction of the critically endangered species list.
  3. Birds: Some species of birds, like the Great Indian Bustard, face threats from human activities, particularly power lines in places like Rajasthan. These birds are not as prominently discussed as some mammals, yet they face significant survival challenges.

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