What is Lymphoma?
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. Lymphocytes are found in lymphoid tissues, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and tonsils, but they can also circulate in the blood.
There are two main types of lymphoma:
-
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL):
- This type of lymphoma is less common and tends to occur in young adults and adolescents, though it can affect people at any age.
- It's characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell.
- The exact cause is not known, but there is a connection with certain infections (like Epstein-Barr virus) and a family history.
-
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL):
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is far more common than Hodgkin lymphoma.
- It includes a diverse group of lymphomas, which can vary greatly in how they behave, their rate of progression, and the type of lymphocyte they originate from (B-cells or T-cells).
- NHL is more common in older adults and can be associated with various factors, including infections, weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV, organ transplants), or certain chemicals.
Symptoms of Lymphoma:
The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the lymphoma, but common signs include:
- Painless swelling of lymph nodes (in the neck, armpits, groin, etc.)
- Fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Night sweats
- Fever
- Itching
- Pain or fullness in the abdomen (if lymph nodes are enlarged in the abdomen)
- Shortness of breath or cough (if lymphoma affects the chest or lungs)
Diagnosis:
Lymphoma is usually diagnosed through:
- Physical examination to check for swollen lymph nodes
- Biopsy of the affected lymph node or tissue (this is the gold standard for diagnosis)
- Blood tests and imaging studies (like CT scans or PET scans) to assess the extent of the disease
Treatment:
Treatment depends on the type of lymphoma, its stage, and other factors, but options typically include:
- Chemotherapy: Powerful drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
- Radiation therapy: High-energy radiation to target and kill lymphoma cells.
- Immunotherapy: Uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer, often used in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Stem cell transplant: In some cases, a stem cell or bone marrow transplant may be used to restore the immune system after high-dose chemotherapy.
- Targeted therapies: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in the growth of cancer cells.
|