Anopheles Stephensi

The spread of the Anopheles stephensi mosquito species across Africa presents a major challenge to a continent already burdened by malaria.

About Anopheles stephensi:

1. The South Asian native that is a malaria vector is the Anopheles mosquito. Specifically, several species within the Anopheles genus are responsible for transmitting malaria parasites to humans.
2. It transmits both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, with the ability to adapt rapidly to environmental changes and thrive in both rural and urban areas.
3. This differs from African malaria vectors, typically found in rural areas.
4. Anopheles stephensi thrives in urban settings near humans, laying eggs in any available water sources.
5. Its eggs can survive dry periods for extended durations.
6. Anopheles stevensi feeds on its vertebrate host both indoors and outdoors, reducing the efficacy of vector control methods like insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying.

Concerns:

1. Anopheles stephensi poses a threat similar to Aedes mosquitoes, carriers of severe diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika.
2. The invasion of urban mosquitoes into Africa jeopardizes the continent's malaria elimination goals, considering 42.5% of Africa's population resides in urban areas.

What is Zika Virus?

1. Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947.
2. It is primarily transmitted to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), which are also known to transmit dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever.

Transmission:

1. Mosquito bites: This is the most common mode of transmission.

2. Sexual contact: Zika can be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.

3. Mother to fetus: Pregnant women can pass the virus to their fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth.

4. Blood transfusion: In rare cases, Zika can be transmitted through blood transfusion.

Symptoms:

Most people infected with Zika virus don't develop symptoms. However, those who do typically experience mild symptoms, including:

1. Fever
2. Rash
3. Headache
4. Joint pain
5. Muscle pain
6. Conjunctivitis (red eyes)

Complications:

Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects, including microcephaly (small head size) and other brain abnormalities. It can also lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare neurological disorder.

Prevention:

1. Avoid mosquito bites: Use insect repellent, wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, and use window screens or bed nets.

2. Practice safe sex: Use protection or abstain from sex if you or your partner have recently travelled to an area with Zika.

3. Travel precautions: Pregnant women should consider postponing travel to areas with Zika outbreaks.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for Zika virus infection. Symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own. Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers can help relieve symptoms.

Additional points:

1. Zika virus outbreaks have occurred in many parts of the world, including Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific.

2. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other health organisations continue to monitor Zika virus activity and provide guidance on prevention and control measures.

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